Chapter 16
The Distinction Between Divine and Asuric DispositionsThe Distinction Between Divine and Asuric Dispositions
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Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
अभयं सत्त्वसंशुद्धिर्ज्ञानयोगव्यवस्थितिः । दानं दमश्च यज्ञश्च स्वाध्यायस्तप आर्जवम् ॥१६.१॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
Krishna speaks of fearlessness, purity of heart, steadfastness in knowledge and yoga, generosity, sense-restraint, sacrifice, self-study, disciplined effort, and straightforwardness.
Roman reading
abhayam sattvasamshuddhirjnaanayogavyavasthitih | daanam damashcha yajnashcha svaadhyaayastapa aarjavam ||16.1||abhayaṃ sattvasaṃśuddhirjñānayogavyavasthitiḥ | dānaṃ damaśca yajñaśca svādhyāyastapa ārjavam ||16.1||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
The chapter begins with cultivable dispositions rather than inherited status. Fearlessness is not recklessness; discipline need not mean self-harm. Svādhyāya involves reflective study, while ārjava asks that our conduct be as honest as our intentions. The qualities are presented as a connected way of living, not a checklist for judging others.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
अध्याय की शुरुआत किसी वंश या समूह को श्रेष्ठ बताने से नहीं, बल्कि ऐसे गुणों से होती है जिन्हें व्यवहार में विकसित किया जा सकता है। निर्भयता का अर्थ उतावलापन नहीं और तप का अर्थ अपने को कष्ट पहुँचाना नहीं। स्वाध्याय अपने विचारों तथा शास्त्रों की जाँच है; आर्जव भीतर और बाहर की ईमानदारी है।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
अहिंसा सत्यमक्रोधस्त्यागः शान्तिरपैशुनम् । दया भूतेष्वलोलुप्त्वं मार्दवं ह्रीरचापलम् ॥१६.२॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
Non-harm, truthfulness, freedom from anger, letting go, peace, avoidance of malicious speech, compassion for beings, freedom from grasping, gentleness, modesty, and steadiness are also noble qualities.
Roman reading
ahimsaa satyamakrodhastyaagah shaantirapaishunam | dayaa bhooteshvaloluptvam maardavam hreerachaapalam ||16.2||ahiṃsā satyamakrodhastyāgaḥ śāntirapaiśunam | dayā bhūteṣvaloluptvaṃ mārdavaṃ hrīracāpalam ||16.2||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
Here spiritual character becomes visible in ordinary relationships. Truth without care can turn harsh, and compassion without truth can become evasive. Hrī is best understood as moral sensitivity or modesty, not humiliation. The verse makes speech, generosity, and emotional restraint integral to practice.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
यहाँ सद्गुण केवल ध्यान में नहीं, बोलने और दूसरों के साथ रहने में प्रकट होते हैं। अहिंसा, सत्य और दया साथ चलें तो सत्य बोलने का ढंग भी संवेदनशील होता है। ‘ह्री’ को अपमानजनक शर्म नहीं, अपनी भूल के प्रति नैतिक संवेदनशीलता के रूप में समझना उपयोगी है।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
तेजः क्षमा धृतिः शौचमद्रोहो नातिमानिता । भवन्ति सम्पदं दैवीमभिजातस्य भारत ॥१६.३॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
O descendant of Bharata, vigor, forgiveness, perseverance, purity, absence of malice, and freedom from excessive pride belong to one endowed with divine qualities.
Roman reading
tejah kshamaa dhritih shauchamadroho naatimaanitaa | bhavanti sampadam daiveemabhijaatasya bhaarata ||16.3||tejaḥ kṣamā dhṛtiḥ śaucamadroho nātimānitā | bhavanti sampadaṃ daivīmabhijātasya bhārata ||16.3||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
Vigor does not cancel forgiveness; strength can be exercised without cruelty. Dhṛti is the perseverance that sustains good choices under pressure. Krishna concludes this cluster by showing that a spiritually mature person may be strong, resolute, and modest at once.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
तेज और क्षमा विरोधी नहीं हैं: साहस के साथ दूसरों को अवसर देना भी संभव है। धृति वह स्थिरता है जो कठिन परिस्थिति में संकल्प को टिकाए रखती है। इन गुणों से स्पष्ट होता है कि दैवी संपदा केवल निष्क्रिय नम्रता नहीं, बल्कि उत्तरदायी शक्ति है।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
दम्भो दर्पोऽभिमानश्च क्रोधः पारुष्यमेव च । अज्ञानं चाभिजातस्य पार्थ सम्पदमासुरीम् ॥१६.४॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
O Pārtha, ostentation, arrogance, self-importance, anger, harshness, and ignorance characterize what is called the asuric disposition.
Roman reading
dambho darpo’bhimaanashcha krodhah paarushyameva cha | ajnaanam chaabhijaatasya paartha sampadamaasureem ||16.4||dambho darpo’bhimānaśca krodhaḥ pāruṣyameva ca | ajñānaṃ cābhijātasya pārtha sampadamāsurīm ||16.4||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
“Asuric” here names destructive tendencies, not a biological or social category. Religious display can conceal ego, while anger can disguise itself as strength. Rather than using these terms to brand other people, the reader can examine whether pride and cruelty are taking charge of their own decisions.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
यह श्लोक किसी समुदाय की पहचान नहीं बताता; यह ऐसी प्रवृत्तियों की आलोचना है जो अपने तथा दूसरों के जीवन को बिगाड़ती हैं। दम्भ वह दिखावा है जहाँ सदाचार केवल प्रशंसा पाने का साधन बन जाता है। व्यक्ति अपने व्यवहार का परीक्षण करके इन प्रवृत्तियों को पहचान और बदल सकता है।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
दैवी सम्पद्विमोक्षाय निबन्धायासुरी मता । मा शुचः सम्पदं दैवीमभिजातोऽसि पाण्डव ॥१६.५॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
The divine disposition is said to lead toward liberation, while the asuric one leads to bondage. Do not grieve, O son of Pāṇḍu: you are endowed with divine qualities.
Roman reading
daivee sampadvimokshaaya nibandhaayaasuree mataa | maa shuchah sampadam daiveemabhijaato’si paandava ||16.5||daivī sampadvimokṣāya nibandhāyāsurī matā | mā śucaḥ sampadaṃ daivīmabhijāto’si pāṇḍava ||16.5||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
Krishna reassures Arjuna after listing demanding virtues. The contrast is between tendencies that open a person to freedom and those that tighten the grip of ego and craving. Assurance should inspire responsible conduct, not complacency or a claim of permanent moral superiority.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
यहाँ बंधन का अर्थ उन आदतों से है जो स्वार्थ, भय और भ्रम को बढ़ाती हैं; मुक्ति उनकी पकड़ से स्वतंत्र होने की दिशा है। कृष्ण अर्जुन को आश्वस्त करते हैं, लेकिन यह आत्मसंतोष का निमंत्रण नहीं। दैवी गुणों को व्यवहार में निरंतर साधना पड़ता है।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
द्वौ भूतसर्गौ लोकेऽस्मिन्दैव आसुर एव च । दैवो विस्तरशः प्रोक्त आसुरं पार्थ मे शृणु ॥१६.६॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
Two broad dispositions are described among beings in this world: divine and asuric. The divine has been described at length; now, Pārtha, hear about the asuric.
Roman reading
dvau bhootasargau loke’smindaiva aasura eva cha | daivo vistarashah prokta aasuram paartha me shrinu ||16.6||dvau bhūtasargau loke’smindaiva āsura eva ca | daivo vistaraśaḥ prokta āsuraṃ pārtha me śṛṇu ||16.6||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
The twofold distinction is a teaching framework rather than an empirical taxonomy of humanity. People may show generosity in one setting and selfishness in another. The ensuing critique aims to make harmful patterns recognizable, not to justify treating people as inherently inferior.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
यह विभाजन नैतिक शिक्षण की विधि है, सभी व्यक्तियों को दो स्थायी खानों में बाँटने का वैज्ञानिक दावा नहीं। एक ही मनुष्य में दया और अहंकार, दोनों के बीज हो सकते हैं। आगे के श्लोकों का उद्देश्य विनाशकारी आदतों को समझना है ताकि उनसे बचा जा सके।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
प्रवृत्तिं च निवृत्तिं च जना न विदुरासुराः । न शौचं नापि चाचारो न सत्यं तेषु विद्यते ॥१६.७॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
Those governed by the asuric disposition fail to discern what should be undertaken and what should be avoided; purity, sound conduct, and truthfulness are absent from their behavior.
Roman reading
pravrittim cha nivrittim cha janaa na viduraasuraah | na shaucham naapi chaachaaro na satyam teshu vidyate ||16.7||pravṛttiṃ ca nivṛttiṃ ca janā na vidurāsurāḥ | na śaucaṃ nāpi cācāro na satyaṃ teṣu vidyate ||16.7||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
Pravṛtti and nivṛtti refer to engaging in appropriate action and refraining from what should not be done. Krishna criticizes the loss of moral discernment, not mere difference of opinion. Knowing when to act and when to stop requires reflection, truthful inquiry, and accountability.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
‘प्रवृत्ति’ और ‘निवृत्ति’ यहाँ नैतिक चुनाव के दो पक्ष हैं: कब सक्रिय होकर कार्य करें और कब रुकें। शिक्षा का संकेत यह है कि केवल इच्छाशक्ति पर्याप्त नहीं—निर्णय करने की समझ तथा सत्य के प्रति प्रतिबद्धता भी चाहिए। इस वर्णन को दूसरों के बारे में जल्दबाजी के निर्णय के रूप में न पढ़ें।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
असत्यमप्रतिष्ठं ते जगदाहुरनीश्वरम् । अपरस्परसम्भूतं किमन्यत्कामहैतुकम् ॥१६.८॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
They claim that the world lacks truth or stable foundation, has no governing Lord, and arises merely from mutual conjunction, with desire as its sole cause.
Roman reading
asatyamapratishtham te jagadaahuraneeshvaram | aparasparasambhootam kimanyatkaamahaitukam ||16.8||asatyamapratiṣṭhaṃ te jagadāhuranīśvaram | aparasparasambhūtaṃ kimanyatkāmahaitukam ||16.8||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
This passage expresses Krishna’s criticism of a worldview portrayed as denying moral ground and reducing existence to appetite. It should not be flattened into a denunciation of modern science, all non-theistic philosophies, or everyone who questions a creator. The ethical target is the claim that desire alone supplies justification.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
यह श्लोक एक विशेष प्रकार के नैतिक शून्यवाद और भोग-केंद्रित दृष्टिकोण का वर्णन करता है। इसे आधुनिक विज्ञान, नास्तिक विचार या किसी एक दार्शनिक मत के सभी अनुयायियों पर आरोप समझना उचित नहीं। कृष्ण की आलोचना खासकर उस दृष्टि की है जिसमें इच्छा की पूर्ति के लिए कोई नैतिक सीमा न मानी जाए।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
एतां दृष्टिमवष्टभ्य नष्टात्मानोऽल्पबुद्धयः । प्रभवन्त्युग्रकर्माणः क्षयाय जगतोऽहिताः ॥१६.९॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
Clinging to such a view, those who lose discernment and possess narrow understanding engage in fierce, harmful actions that threaten the world.
Roman reading
etaam drishtimavashtabhya nashtaatmaano’lpabuddhayah | prabhavantyugrakarmaanah kshayaaya jagato’hitaah ||16.9||etāṃ dṛṣṭimavaṣṭabhya naṣṭātmāno’lpabuddhayaḥ | prabhavantyugrakarmāṇaḥ kṣayāya jagato’hitāḥ ||16.9||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
The point is the link between ideas and conduct: once self-interest becomes the only criterion, exploitation is easier to rationalize. The verse warns about destructive consequences rather than establishing that adherents of any named modern belief must behave violently.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
श्लोक का जोर विचार और कर्म के संबंध पर है। यदि कोई अपने लाभ को ही अंतिम मानक बना ले तो दूसरे लोगों और प्रकृति को चोट पहुँचाना आसान हो जाता है। यह नैतिक चेतावनी है, न कि किसी विचारधारा के सभी लोगों द्वारा अनिवार्य रूप से हिंसक आचरण करने का दावा।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
काममाश्रित्य दुष्पूरं दम्भमानमदान्विताः । मोहाद्गृहीत्वासद्ग्राहान्प्रवर्तन्तेऽशुचिव्रताः ॥१६.१०॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
Relying on insatiable desire, filled with ostentation, pride, and intoxication with self-importance, they adopt false convictions through delusion and pursue impure conduct.
Roman reading
kaamamaashritya dushpooram dambhamaanamadaanvitaah | mohaadgriheetvaasadgraahaanpravartante’shuchivrataah ||16.10||kāmamāśritya duṣpūraṃ dambhamānamadānvitāḥ | mohādgṛhītvāsadgrāhānpravartante’śucivratāḥ ||16.10||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
Ordinary wants are not automatically condemned. The danger described is craving that refuses limits and recruits pride and self-deception to defend itself. Krishna asks the listener to question not only what they seek but also what they are willing to do in order to obtain it.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
कामना अपने-आप में हर समय बुरी नहीं; यहाँ समस्या उस तृष्णा की है जिसे कोई सीमा नहीं दिखती। जब अभिमान और भ्रम उसके साथ जुड़ते हैं तो साधनों की नैतिकता महत्वहीन लगने लगती है। कृष्ण का आग्रह बाहरी दिखावे से पहले मन की प्रेरणाओं को देखने पर है।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
चिन्तामपरिमेयां च प्रलयान्तामुपाश्रिताः । कामोपभोगपरमा एतावदिति निश्चिताः ॥१६.११॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
They become absorbed in immeasurable anxieties lasting until death and conclude that sensual enjoyment is life’s highest and only aim.
Roman reading
chintaamaparimeyaam cha pralayaantaamupaashritaah | kaamopabhogaparamaa etaavaditi nishchitaah ||16.11||cintāmaparimeyāṃ ca pralayāntāmupāśritāḥ | kāmopabhogaparamā etāvaditi niścitāḥ ||16.11||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
This is not a blanket rejection of happiness. The critique concerns reducing the whole purpose of life to consumption and immediate gratification. When enjoyment becomes an exclusive aim, worry about losing it can grow without end. The passage invites a broader account of a worthwhile life.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
श्लोक सुख के हर अनुभव को अस्वीकार नहीं करता; वह उस मानसिक स्थिति की आलोचना है जिसमें सुख की दौड़ ही जीवन का अर्थ बन जाती है। ऐसी दौड़ नए भय और तुलना उत्पन्न कर सकती है। संतुलित जीवन में आनंद के साथ सेवा, विवेक, संबंध और आत्मचिंतन का स्थान भी है।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
आशापाशशतैर्बद्धाः कामक्रोधपरायणाः । ईहन्ते कामभोगार्थमन्यायेनार्थसञ्चयान् ॥१६.१२॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
Bound by hundreds of cords of expectation and driven by craving and anger, they seek to accumulate wealth unjustly for the sake of enjoyment.
Roman reading
aashaapaashashatairbaddhaah kaamakrodhaparaayanaah | eehante kaamabhogaarthamanyaayenaarthasanchayaan ||16.12||āśāpāśaśatairbaddhāḥ kāmakrodhaparāyaṇāḥ | īhante kāmabhogārthamanyāyenārthasañcayān ||16.12||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
The verse does not equate earning money with wrongdoing. Its criticism falls on unjust accumulation motivated by endless craving. “Cords of hope” is a striking image: desires that promise freedom may become constraints when they determine every choice and push fairness aside.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
धन कमाना या भविष्य की योजना बनाना यहाँ दोष नहीं है। समस्या है ऐसी लालसा जो न्याय, श्रम और दूसरों के अधिकारों का सम्मान छोड़ देती है। ‘आशापाश’ सुंदर रूपक है: जिन आशाओं को व्यक्ति अपना सहारा मानता है, वही उसकी स्वतंत्रता बाँध सकती हैं।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
इदमद्य मया लब्धमिमं प्राप्स्ये मनोरथम् । इदमस्तीदमपि मे भविष्यति पुनर्धनम् ॥१६.१३॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
They think: Today I have gained this; next I shall secure that desired object. This wealth is mine, and more will be mine in the future.
Roman reading
idamadya mayaa labdhamimam praapsye manoratham | idamasteedamapi me bhavishyati punardhanam ||16.13||idamadya mayā labdhamimaṃ prāpsye manoratham | idamastīdamapi me bhaviṣyati punardhanam ||16.13||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
Krishna dramatizes an inner monologue of acquisition. Each success immediately becomes the launch point for wanting more, with no space for gratitude or concern about use. Planning is not the problem; allowing possession to define identity and worth is the concern.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
यहाँ कृष्ण उस व्यक्ति के भीतर चलने वाली आत्म-संतोषपूर्ण बातचीत को सामने लाते हैं। उपलब्धि के बाद कृतज्ञता या उपयोगिता का विचार नहीं आता, केवल अगली वस्तु की योजना आती है। जीवन में लक्ष्यों का होना ठीक है, पर उनसे अपनी संपूर्ण पहचान जोड़ लेना असंतोष बढ़ाता है।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
असौ मया हतः शत्रुर्हनिष्ये चापरानपि । ईश्वरोऽहमहं भोगी सिद्धोऽहं बलवान्सुखी ॥१६.१४॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
They boast: I have destroyed this enemy, and I will destroy others as well. I am the master, the enjoyer, the accomplished, the powerful, and the happy one.
Roman reading
asau mayaa hatah shatrurhanishye chaaparaanapi | eeshvaro’hamaham bhogee siddho’ham balavaansukhee ||16.14||asau mayā hataḥ śatrurhaniṣye cāparānapi | īśvaro’hamahaṃ bhogī siddho’haṃ balavānsukhī ||16.14||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
The imagined speaker now measures success through domination as well as wealth. The violent language is intentionally unsettling: it exposes the danger of defining happiness by defeating others. This speech is a condemned boast, not advice to seek power through harm.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
अहंकार अब केवल धन तक सीमित नहीं रहता, बल्कि दूसरों पर नियंत्रण और हिंसा की भाषा बोलने लगता है। श्लोक किसी युद्ध-कर्म का सामान्य समर्थन नहीं करता; यह दर्प से भरे मन की आलोचनात्मक तस्वीर है। इसमें ‘मैं ही सब कुछ हूँ’ जैसी धारणा व्यक्ति को दूसरों की पीड़ा से काट देती है।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
आढ्योऽभिजनवानस्मि कोऽन्योऽस्ति सदृशो मया । यक्ष्ये दास्यामि मोदिष्य इत्यज्ञानविमोहिताः ॥१६.१५॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
They say: I am wealthy and of distinguished family; who is my equal? I shall perform sacrifices, give gifts, and celebrate. Thus are they deluded by ignorance.
Roman reading
aadhyo’bhijanavaanasmi ko’nyo’sti sadrisho mayaa | yakshye daasyaami modishya ityajnaanavimohitaah ||16.15||āḍhyo’bhijanavānasmi ko’nyo’sti sadṛśo mayā | yakṣye dāsyāmi modiṣya ityajñānavimohitāḥ ||16.15||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
Even outwardly generous acts can be driven by vanity. The boast of noble birth exposes status pride rather than endorsing hereditary superiority. The test is not whether a person is seen giving or worshipping but whether generosity has become another instrument of self-promotion.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
यज्ञ और दान अपने-आप में प्रशंसनीय हो सकते हैं, लेकिन जब वे श्रेष्ठता दिखाने का साधन बनते हैं तो उनका नैतिक अर्थ बदल जाता है। ‘अभिजनवान्’ जन्म-आधारित गर्व की उस भावना को दर्शाता है जिसकी यहाँ आलोचना हो रही है। यह पद सामाजिक विशेषाधिकार का अनुमोदन नहीं करता।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
अनेकचित्तविभ्रान्ता मोहजालसमावृताः । प्रसक्ताः कामभोगेषु पतन्ति नरकेऽशुचौ ॥१६.१६॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
Confused by many conflicting thoughts, enveloped in a net of delusion, and attached to pleasures, they fall into an impure hell.
Roman reading
anekachittavibhraantaa mohajaalasamaavritaah | prasaktaah kaamabhogeshu patanti narake’shuchau ||16.16||anekacittavibhrāntā mohajālasamāvṛtāḥ | prasaktāḥ kāmabhogeṣu patanti narake’śucau ||16.16||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
“Hell” belongs to the Gita’s religious cosmology and has been interpreted both as an afterlife destination and as a state of degradation. The metaphor of a net suggests how competing desires can trap attention. The verse communicates a spiritual warning, not an empirically demonstrated claim about the afterlife.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
‘नरक’ इस श्लोक में गीता की धार्मिक भाषा है; विभिन्न परंपराएँ उसे परलोक की अवस्था या पतित जीवन-स्थिति के रूप में अलग-अलग समझती हैं। कथा में मोह-जाल की छवि बताती है कि असंख्य इच्छाओं की दिशा में भागता मन स्पष्टता खो सकता है। इस विश्वास को अनुभवजन्य तथ्य की तरह प्रस्तुत नहीं करना चाहिए।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
आत्मसम्भाविताः स्तब्धा धनमानमदान्विताः । यजन्ते नामयज्ञैस्ते दम्भेनाविधिपूर्वकम् ॥१६.१७॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
Self-important and stiff with pride, intoxicated by wealth and status, they conduct sacrifices in name only, out of show and without proper observance.
Roman reading
aatmasambhaavitaah stabdhaa dhanamaanamadaanvitaah | yajante naamayajnaiste dambhenaavidhipoorvakam ||16.17||ātmasambhāvitāḥ stabdhā dhanamānamadānvitāḥ | yajante nāmayajñaiste dambhenāvidhipūrvakam ||16.17||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
The contrast is between visible religious performance and the intention behind it. A ceremony may follow a social script while remaining motivated by conceit. Traditional rules matter in the verse’s ritual setting, but its wider ethical question is whether worship cultivates humility or advertises status.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
किसी कर्म का बाहरी रूप और उसके भीतर की भावना अलग हो सकते हैं। इस श्लोक में यज्ञ की आलोचना नहीं, बल्कि धार्मिक कर्म को प्रतिष्ठा की प्रदर्शनी बना देने की आलोचना है। विधि का उल्लेख परंपरागत अनुष्ठान-व्यवस्था से जुड़ा है; व्यापक नैतिक प्रश्न सत्यनिष्ठा और विनम्रता का है।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
अहङ्कारं बलं दर्पं कामं क्रोधं च संश्रिताः । मामात्मपरदेहेषु प्रद्विषन्तोऽभ्यसूयकाः ॥१६.१८॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
Clinging to ego, power, pride, desire, and anger, they resent Me as present in their own bodies and those of others, acting with hostility and fault-finding.
Roman reading
ahankaaram balam darpam kaamam krodham cha samshritaah | maamaatmaparadeheshu pradvishanto’bhyasooyakaah ||16.18||ahaṅkāraṃ balaṃ darpaṃ kāmaṃ krodhaṃ ca saṃśritāḥ | māmātmaparadeheṣu pradviṣanto’bhyasūyakāḥ ||16.18||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
Krishna links contempt for others with failure to recognize the divine presence within beings. In the chapter’s devotional worldview, hostility to persons has a spiritual dimension. This does not erase wrongdoing or the need for boundaries; it asks that even moral disagreement not collapse into dehumanization.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
कृष्ण की बात का गहरा नैतिक पक्ष है: जब कोई दूसरे प्राणी को केवल अपने स्वार्थ की वस्तु मानता है, तो वह उसके भीतर की गरिमा को अनदेखा करता है। ‘माम् आत्मपरदेहेषु’ सभी में दिव्य उपस्थिति के धार्मिक विचार से जुड़ा है। इसलिए यह श्लोक बाहरी पूजा के साथ जीवों के प्रति व्यवहार को भी कसौटी बनाता है।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
तानहं द्विषतः क्रूरान्संसारेषु नराधमान् । क्षिपाम्यजस्रमशुभानासुरीष्वेव योनिषु ॥१६.१९॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
Krishna declares that He repeatedly casts the hateful, cruel, and ill-conducted into asuric births within the cycle of existence.
Roman reading
taanaham dvishatah krooraansamsaareshu naraadhamaan | kshipaamyajasramashubhaanaasureeshveva yonishu ||16.19||tānahaṃ dviṣataḥ krūrānsaṃsāreṣu narādhamān | kṣipāmyajasramaśubhānāsurīṣveva yoniṣu ||16.19||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
This is a severe declaration within the Gita’s religious account of karma and rebirth, not a license to punish, stigmatize, or harm anyone. Its force lies in warning that sustained cruelty has grave spiritual consequences. Different traditions may understand the mechanics of such rebirth differently.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
यह कथन कर्मफल और पुनर्जन्म से जुड़ी पारंपरिक आध्यात्मिक व्यवस्था में आता है। ‘नराधमान्’ जैसे कठोर शब्दों को आज किसी समूह या व्यक्ति पर हिंसा का औचित्य बनाने के लिए इस्तेमाल नहीं करना चाहिए। श्लोक को विनाशकारी जीवन-दिशा के गंभीर परिणामों की धर्मग्रंथीय चेतावनी की तरह पढ़ना अधिक जिम्मेदार है।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
आसुरीं योनिमापन्ना मूढा जन्मनि जन्मनि । मामप्राप्यैव कौन्तेय ततो यान्त्यधमां गतिम् ॥१६.२०॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
O son of Kuntī, taking asuric births from life to life and failing to reach Me, they proceed toward an even lower state.
Roman reading
aasureem yonimaapannaa moodhaa janmani janmani | maamapraapyaiva kaunteya tato yaantyadhamaam gatim ||16.20||āsurīṃ yonimāpannā mūḍhā janmani janmani | māmaprāpyaiva kaunteya tato yāntyadhamāṃ gatim ||16.20||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
As with the preceding verse, this belongs to the text’s metaphysical framework of repeated birth. It depicts a downward pattern of alienation from the divine, rather than offering a verifiable description of specific individuals’ future lives. The chapter’s constructive alternative remains the cultivation of clarity and compassion.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
पिछले श्लोक की तरह यह भी गीता के पुनर्जन्म-संबंधी दृष्टिकोण का भाग है। यहाँ उद्देश्य निराशा फैलाना नहीं, आसक्ति, अहंकार और क्रूरता की दिशा को गंभीरता से दिखाना है। दैवी गुणों को विकसित करने की पहले कही गई शिक्षा इस नकारात्मक क्रम के मुकाबले एक सकारात्मक रास्ता देती है।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
त्रिविधं नरकस्येदं द्वारं नाशनमात्मनः । कामः क्रोधस्तथा लोभस्तस्मादेतत्त्रयं त्यजेत् ॥१६.२१॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
Desire, anger, and greed are the three gates of hell that bring ruin to the self; therefore one should relinquish these three.
Roman reading
trividham narakasyedam dvaaram naashanamaatmanah | kaamah krodhastathaa lobhastasmaadetattrayam tyajet ||16.21||trividhaṃ narakasyedaṃ dvāraṃ nāśanamātmanaḥ | kāmaḥ krodhastathā lobhastasmādetattrayaṃ tyajet ||16.21||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
The famous three gates identify patterns that can hollow out judgment: compulsive craving, destructive anger, and acquisitive greed. The teaching need not be taken as an order to suppress all feelings. Its practical relevance is in noticing when these forces have begun governing action and deliberately restoring restraint.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
यह पूरे अध्याय के सबसे सीधे आत्म-परीक्षण योग्य श्लोकों में से है। काम यहाँ विवेकहीन तृष्णा, क्रोध विनाशकारी प्रतिक्रिया और लोभ कभी पर्याप्त न होने वाली संग्रह-वृत्ति है। इनसे बचने का अर्थ भावनाओं को दबाना नहीं, बल्कि उन्हें पहचानकर न्यायपूर्ण और शांत निर्णय लेना है।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
एतैर्विमुक्तः कौन्तेय तमोद्वारैस्त्रिभिर्नरः । आचरत्यात्मनः श्रेयस्ततो याति परां गतिम् ॥१६.२२॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
O son of Kuntī, a person freed from these three gateways of darkness acts for their own true good and then advances toward the highest goal.
Roman reading
etairvimuktah kaunteya tamodvaaraistribhirnarah | aacharatyaatmanah shreyastato yaati paraam gatim ||16.22||etairvimuktaḥ kaunteya tamodvāraistribhirnaraḥ | ācaratyātmanaḥ śreyastato yāti parāṃ gatim ||16.22||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
This verse completes the warning with a positive alternative. Releasing craving, anger, and greed makes room for actions directed toward real well-being. The “highest goal” is spiritual liberation in the Gita’s framework, not a promise that ethical behavior guarantees worldly success or an easy life.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
पिछले श्लोक में दोषों का त्याग कहा गया; यहाँ उसका सकारात्मक फल बताया गया है। जब तृष्णा, आक्रोश और लालच की पकड़ ढीली होती है तो जीवन में सही चुनावों के लिए जगह बनती है। ‘परां गतिम्’ गीता की मुक्ति-संबंधी धार्मिक भाषा है, जिसे साधारण भौतिक सफलता का वादा नहीं समझना चाहिए।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
यः शास्त्रविधिमुत्सृज्य वर्तते कामकारतः । न स सिद्धिमवाप्नोति न सुखं न परां गतिम् ॥१६.२३॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
One who disregards scriptural guidance and acts merely according to personal whim attains neither fulfillment, genuine happiness, nor the supreme goal.
Roman reading
yah shaastravidhimutsrijya vartate kaamakaaratah | na sa siddhimavaapnoti na sukham na paraam gatim ||16.23||yaḥ śāstravidhimutsṛjya vartate kāmakārataḥ | na sa siddhimavāpnoti na sukhaṃ na parāṃ gatim ||16.23||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
The target is arbitrary action driven solely by appetite. The verse locates ethical guidance in śāstra, but interpretation still requires care: scriptural traditions contain commentary, context, and debate. Responsible reading should not equate every inherited custom with unquestionable moral authority.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
‘कामकारतः’ मनमर्जी को अंतिम प्रमाण बना लेने की स्थिति है। श्लोक का संदर्भ धर्मशास्त्रीय मार्गदर्शन है; इसकी व्याख्या यह नहीं होनी चाहिए कि बिना प्रश्न किए हर सामाजिक प्रथा स्वीकार कर ली जाए। कौन-सी शिक्षा सचमुच धर्म और अहिंसा के अनुरूप है, यह समझना भी विवेकपूर्ण अध्ययन का भाग है।
Original / source text
श्रीभगवानुवाच
तस्माच्छास्त्रं प्रमाणं ते कार्याकार्यव्यवस्थितौ । ज्ञात्वा शास्त्रविधानोक्तं कर्म कर्तुमिहार्हसि ॥१६.२४॥
ShivGoraksh English Translation
Therefore let scripture be your authority in discerning what is to be done and what avoided. Understand what its injunctions teach, and then act rightly in this world.
Roman reading
tasmaachchhaastram pramaanam te kaaryaakaaryavyavasthitau | jnaatvaa shaastravidhaanoktam karma kartumihaarhasi ||16.24||tasmācchāstraṃ pramāṇaṃ te kāryākāryavyavasthitau | jñātvā śāstravidhānoktaṃ karma kartumihārhasi ||16.24||
Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
The chapter concludes by moving from criticism to considered action. Krishna directs Arjuna to discern duties and prohibitions through scriptural guidance and then act. For a modern reader, responsible engagement also means attending to interpretation, context, and the tradition’s internal discussions, not merely lifting commands out of their setting.
Other languages and readings
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
अध्याय का निष्कर्ष केवल निषेध नहीं, विवेकपूर्वक कर्म करना है। कृष्ण अर्जुन से पहले समझने और फिर कार्य करने को कहते हैं। शास्त्र-प्रमाण की बात को परंपरा, भाषा, संदर्भ और नैतिक विमर्श के साथ पढ़ना चाहिए; यही अंतर धार्मिक अध्ययन और शब्दों की यांत्रिक नकल के बीच है।
About this edition · Sources & references
Bhagavad Gita · ASS45 (1901) · Initial editorial V1
This is an educational edition; independent textual and specialist review remains incomplete.
Original text, translations and explanations remain separate readings. Shared passages appear once with their complete references.
16.1 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.1 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.1 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.1 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.1 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.2 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.2 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.2 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.2 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.2 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.3 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.3 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.3 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.3 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.3 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.4 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.4 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.4 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.4 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.4 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.5 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.5 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.5 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.5 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.5 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.6 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.6 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.6 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.6 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.6 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.7 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.7 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.7 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.7 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.7 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.8 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.8 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.8 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.8 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.8 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.9 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.9 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.9 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.9 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.9 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.10 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.10 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.10 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.10 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.10 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.11 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.11 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.11 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.11 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.11 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.12 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.12 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.12 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.12 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.12 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.13 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.13 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.13 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.13 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.13 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.14 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.14 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.14 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.14 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.14 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.15 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.15 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.15 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.15 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.15 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.16 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.16 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.16 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.16 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.16 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.17 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.17 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.17 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.17 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.17 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.18 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.18 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.18 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.18 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.18 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.19 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.19 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.19 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.19 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.19 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.20 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.20 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.20 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.20 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.20 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.21 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.21 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.21 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.21 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.21 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.22 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.22 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.22 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.22 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.22 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.23 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.23 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.23 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.23 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.23 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.24 — Original / source text
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.24 — ShivGoraksh Hindi Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.24 — ShivGoraksh English Translation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.24 — ShivGoraksh Simple Hindi Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization
16.24 — ShivGoraksh Simple English Explanation
ASS45 (1901)
Supplied chapter/verse numbering; no harmonization